Folding paper, making flowers, birds, fish, animals, most especially the birds and fishes has had a place at my creativity table for a very long time. I have spent time exploring folding fabric in the style of origami to create flowers and leaves and at one place in my journey did a series of origami in cloth wildflowers on small art quilts. I would be overjoyed to learn more folding, extreme origami and to win this book for my creativity library shelves a lovely treasure. Thanks Quinn for the opportunity to put my name in for the drawing.
For example, in 2015, Blees et al. applied kirigami principles to graphene sheets to build interesting mechanical metamaterials, such as stretchable graphene transistors, out-of-plane pyramidal springs, and remotely actuated graphene devices4. These results successfully established graphene kirigami as a customizable approach for fashioning atomically thin graphene sheets into complex 3D multifunctional devices controllable by magnetic and optical fields. More recently, atomically precise graphene origami was demonstrated by Chen et al. based on an advanced scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) technique5, as shown in Fig. 6a, b. In this method, the STM tip was used to lift a graphene layer by the edge, drag the graphene along the predetermined direction, and release the moving portion of the graphene at the desired location. Such precise manipulation enabled twisting of bilayer graphene with nearly arbitrary angles (Fig. 6b), which may generate emerging bilayer graphene with a magic twist angle6. Similarly, an atomic force microscopy (AFM) tip can also be used for origami purposes. As demonstrated in Fig. 6c, a Z-shaped self-folded graphene segment can be transformed back into a flat membrane by using the AFM technique95, offering an effective strategy in the pursuit of reversible graphene devices.
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Moreover, benefitting from their small scales and high mobility, origami-like untethered microgrippers have been successfully developed for biologic tissue sampling (Fig. 7e)101, delivery and release of drugs (Fig. 7f)102, and capture of single red blood cells (Fig. 7g)103. In addition, the devices produced from origami-induced self-rolled-up microtubes have been used to perform self-propelling tasks, such as catalytic micromotors that enable tubes to drill and embed themselves into biomaterials (Fig. 7h)104 and a micro-bio-robot that can be guided to defined positions (Fig. 7i)105.
One important advantage of kirigami/origami at the microscale/nanoscale is that the resulting structural features are comparable with optical wavelengths, facilitating the generation of useful optical resonances. Meanwhile, compared to the 2D precursors, the flexible 3D microstructures/nanostructures obtained by kirigami/origami can exhibit unique optical properties due to their special geometries. For example, by employing residual stress-enabled origami, Wang et al.54 demonstrated 3D tubular quantum well infrared (IR) photodetectors with enhanced responsivity and detectivity, broadband enhanced coupling efficiency, and omnidirectional detection under a wide incident angle of 70 (Fig. 8a, b). Moreover, self-assembled origami nanostructures can enable abundant optical functionalities by embedding special patterns in their subunits. As depicted in Fig. 8c, Cho et al. utilized multilayer EBL processes to pattern planar thin films and employed a capillary force to achieve spontaneous folding. As a result, cubic structures embedded with SRR patterns were achieved, with clear optical resonances and the desired polarization dependence successfully implemented41.
Therefore, it can be naturally expected that when these challenges are met and the advantages are fully adopted, microscale/nanoscale kirigami/origami will greatly innovate the regime of 3D microfabrication/nanofabrication. Unprecedented physical characteristics and extensive functional applications can be achieved in the wide areas of optics, physics, biology, chemistry, and engineering. These new-concept technologies, with breakthrough prototypes, could provide useful solutions for novel LIDAR/LADAR systems, high-speed DMD chips, high-resolution spatial optical modulators, integrated optical reconfiguration chips, ultra-sensitive biomedical sensors, on-chip biomedical diagnosis devices, and the emerging NOEMS systems that are promising for the modern industries of communication, sensing, and quantum information processing116. 2ff7e9595c
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